About this course
On this BSc Geology course, you'll understand the nature, dynamics and evolution of the processes that shaped the Earth over the past 4 billion years. You can visit world-famous sites of geological interest, and access facilities, including the largest Earth and marine sciences library in Europe. You'll graduate with the skills and knowledge to tackle global challenges, or continue your studies.
Geology holds the key to many issues we face today, including the balance between using natural resources and protecting the environment.
You'll graduate as a bachelor of geology, and your expertise will be in high demand in the geological industry. Whether you choose to focus on the need for raw materials, the environmental sector or engineering geology.
With a geology degree you can:
- gain a thorough grounding in all aspects of the subject
- examine past climate events to help predict climate change
- develop ways to discover new natural resources and exploit known ones responsibly
- understand natural hazards and help avoid them
- study volcanoes and the behaviour of magma
As part of this course you can:
- study in a world-leading research institution, National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOCS)
- access superb, industry-standard facilities, including the National Oceanographic Library and 150 laboratories
- go on field trips and residential field courses, both in the UK and abroad
- gain career benefits through our many links to geological companies
- develop transferable skills such as teamwork, written and oral communication, planning, presentation, data collection and analysis
Our Geology courses are accredited by The Geological Society of London, meaning our teaching is of the highest quality and approved by an independent body of academics and industrialists.
Foundation year
If you have not studied the required Science subjects for this course, you may be eligible to apply for and enter through our Science Foundation Year.
We regularly review our courses to ensure and improve quality. This course may be revised as a result of this. Any revision will be balanced against the requirement that the student should receive the educational service expected. Find out why, when, and how we might make changes.
Our courses are regulated in England by the Office for Students (OfS).
Accreditations
Course location
This course is based at Waterfront (National Oceanography Centre Southampton).
Awarding body
This qualification is awarded by the University of Southampton.
Download the Course Description Document
The Course Description Document details your course overview, your course structure and how your course is taught and assessed.
Entry requirements
For Academic year 202526
A-levels
ABB including two acceptable/preferred science subjects. (minimum of grade B)
OR
BBB including two preferred sciences (minimum of grade B)
A-levels additional information
Preferred Science Subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Geology.
Acceptable science subjects are Geography, Environmental Science, Computer Science and Electronics.
Where this offer is satisfied by including grades achieved in either Biology, Chemistry or Physics, a Pass in the practical is required.
A-levels with Extended Project Qualification
If you are taking an EPQ in addition to 3 A levels, you will receive the following offer in addition to the standard A level offer: BBB including two accepted science subject (minimum of grade B) and grade A in the EPQ.
A-levels contextual offer
We are committed to ensuring that all applicants with the potential to succeed, regardless of their background, are encouraged to apply to study with us. The additional information gained through contextual data allows us to recognise an applicant's potential to succeed in the context of their background and experience. Applicants who are highlighted in this way will be made an offer which is lower than the typical offer for that programme.
International Baccalaureate Diploma
Pass, with 32 points overall with 16 points at Higher Level, including 5 in two Higher Level acceptable/preferred science subjects.
OR
Pass, with 30 points overall with 15 points at Higher Level, including 5 in two Higher Level preferred science subjects.
International Baccalaureate Diploma additional information
Preferred science subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths (Analysis and Approaches or Applications and Interpretation) and Geology.
Acceptable science subjects are Environmental Science and Geography
International Baccalaureate contextual offer
We are committed to ensuring that all learners with the potential to succeed, regardless of their background, are encouraged to apply to study with us. The additional information gained through contextual data allows us to recognise a learner’s potential to succeed in the context of their background and experience. Applicants who are highlighted in this way will be made an offer which is lower than the typical offer for that programme.
International Baccalaureate Career Programme (IBCP) statement
Offers will be made on the individual Diploma Course subject(s) and the career-related study qualification. The CP core will not form part of the offer. Where there is a subject pre-requisite(s), applicants will be required to study the subject(s) at Higher Level in the Diploma course subject and/or take a specified unit in the career-related study qualification. Applicants may also be asked to achieve a specific grade in those elements. Please see the University of Southampton International Baccalaureate Career-Related Programme (IBCP) Statement for further information. Applicants are advised to contact their Faculty Admissions Office for more information.
BTEC
D in the BTEC Extended Certificate + AB at A-Level, to include two acceptable/preferred science subjects.
OR
D in the BTEC Extended Certificate + BB at A-Level, to include two preferred science subjects.
RQF BTEC
We are committed to ensuring that all learners with the potential to succeed, regardless of their background, are encouraged to apply to study with us. The additional information gained through contextual data allows us to recognise a learner’s potential to succeed in the context of their background and experience.
Additional information
Acceptable A Level science subjects are Geography, Environmental Science, Computer Science and Electronics.
Preferred A level Science Subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Geology.
Where this offer is satisfied by including grades achieved in either Biology, Chemistry or Physics, a Pass in the practical. Offers typically exclude General Studies and Critical Thinking
QCF BTEC
D in the BTEC Subsidiary Diploma + AB at A-Level, to include two acceptable/preferred science subjects.
OR
D in the BTEC Subsidiary Diploma + BB at A-Level, to include two preferred science subjects.
We do not accept the BTEC Diploma/BTEC Extended Diploma without two AB grades in accepted science A Levels.
We are committed to ensuring that all learners with the potential to succeed, regardless of their background, are encouraged to apply to study with us. The additional information gained through contextual data allows us to recognise a learner’s potential to succeed in the context of their background and experience.
Access to HE Diploma
60 credits with 45 credits at Level 3, of which 30 credits must be at Distinction and 15 at Merit
Access to HE additional information
A core science Access to HE Diploma must be studied.
Irish Leaving Certificate
Irish Leaving Certificate (first awarded 2017)
H1, H2, H2, H2, H3, H3 to include two acceptable/preferred science subject.
OR
H2, H2, H3, H3, H3, H3 to include two preferred science subjects.
Irish Leaving Certificate (first awarded 2016)
AAABBB to include two acceptable/preferred science subjects.
OR
AABBBB to include two preferred science subjects.
Irish certificate additional information
Preferred Science Subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Geology.
Acceptable science subjects are Geography, Environmental Studies, Computer Science and Electronics.
Scottish Qualification
Offers will be based on exams being taken at the end of S6. Subjects taken and qualifications achieved in S5 will be reviewed. Careful consideration will be given to an individual’s academic achievement, taking in to account the context and circumstances of their pre-university education.
Please see the University of Southampton’s Curriculum for Excellence Scotland Statement (PDF) for further information. Applicants are advised to contact their Faculty Admissions Office for more information.
Cambridge Pre-U
D3, M2, M2 to include two acceptable/preferred science subjects.
OR
M2, M2, M2 to include two preferred science subjects
Cambridge Pre-U additional information
Preferred Science Subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Geology.
Acceptable science subjects are Geography, Environmental Science, Computer Science and Electronics.
Cambridge Pre-U's can be used in combination with other qualifications such as A Levels to achieve the equivalent of the typical offer, where D3 can be used in lieu of A Level grade A or grade M2 can be used in lieu of grade B.
Welsh Baccalaureate
AB from two acceptable/preferred science A levels and B from the Advanced Welsh Baccalaureate Skills Challenge Certificate
OR
BB from two preferred science A levels and B from the Advanced Welsh Baccalaureate Skills Challenge Certificate.
Welsh Baccalaureate additional information
Preferred Science Subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Geology.
Acceptable science subjects are Geography, Environmental Science, Computer Science and Electronics.
Where this offer is satisfied by including grades achieved in either Biology, Chemistry or Physics, a Pass in the practical is required.
Welsh Baccalaureate contextual offer
We are committed to ensuring that all learners with the potential to succeed, regardless of their background, are encouraged to apply to study with us. The additional information gained through contextual data allows us to recognise a learner’s potential to succeed in the context of their background and experience. Applicants who are highlighted in this way will be made an offer which is lower than the typical offer for that programme.
T-Level
Not accepted for this course. Applicants with a T Level in a relevant subject should apply for the Science Foundation Year
Other requirements
GCSE requirements
Applicants must hold GCSE English language (or GCSE English) and Mathematics at minimum grade 4/C.
Find the equivalent international qualifications for our entry requirements.
English language requirements
If English isn't your first language, you'll need to complete an International English Language Testing System (IELTS) to demonstrate your competence in English. You'll need all of the following scores as a minimum:
IELTS score requirements
- overall score
- 6.5
- reading
- 6.0
- writing
- 6.0
- speaking
- 6.0
- listening
- 6.0
We accept other English language tests. Find out which English language tests we accept.
If you don’t meet the English language requirements, you can achieve the level you need by completing a pre-sessional English programme before you start your course.
You might meet our criteria in other ways if you do not have the qualifications we need. Find out more about:
- our Ignite your Journey scheme for students living permanently in the UK (including residential summer school, application support and scholarship)
- skills you might have gained through work or other life experiences (otherwise known as recognition of prior learning)
Find out more about our Admissions Policy.
Science Foundation Year
The Science Foundation Year will give you the skills and knowledge to progress to this course if you don't have the right qualifications for direct entry.
It could be the right option if you:
-
are studying for A levels in subjects other than those we normally ask for
-
are a mature applicant with skills and experience from employment and can show recent study
-
you come from a part of the world where the education system is different from the British A level system
Find full details on our Science Foundation Year page.
For Academic year 202425
A-levels
ABB including two acceptable/preferred science subjects. (minimum of grade B)
OR
BBB including two preferred sciences (minimum of grade B)
A-levels additional information
Preferred Science Subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Geology.
Acceptable science subjects are Geography, Environmental Studies, Computer Science and Electronics.
Where this offer is satisfied by including grades achieved in either Biology, Chemistry or Physics, a Pass in the practical.
A-levels with Extended Project Qualification
If you are taking an EPQ in addition to 3 A levels, you will receive the following offer in addition to the standard A level offer: BBB including two accepted science subject (minimum of grade B) and grade A in the EPQ.
A-levels contextual offer
We are committed to ensuring that all applicants with the potential to succeed, regardless of their background, are encouraged to apply to study with us. The additional information gained through contextual data allows us to recognise an applicant's potential to succeed in the context of their background and experience. Applicants who are highlighted in this way will be made an offer which is lower than the typical offer for that programme, as follows: BBB including two acceptable/preferred science subjects. (minimum of grade B) or BBC including two preferred sciences (minimum of grade B)
International Baccalaureate Diploma
Pass, with 32 points overall with 16 points at Higher Level, including 5 in two Higher Level acceptable/preferred science subjects.
OR
Pass, with 30 points overall with 15 points at Higher Level, including 5 in two Higher Level preferred science subjects.
International Baccalaureate Diploma additional information
Preferred science subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths (Analysis and Approaches or Applications and Interpretation) and Geology.
Acceptable science subjects are Environmental Studies and Geography
International Baccalaureate contextual offer
We are committed to ensuring that all learners with the potential to succeed, regardless of their background, are encouraged to apply to study with us. The additional information gained through contextual data allows us to recognise a learner’s potential to succeed in the context of their background and experience. Applicants who are highlighted in this way will be made an offer which is lower than the typical offer for that programme.
International Baccalaureate Career Programme (IBCP) statement
Offers will be made on the individual Diploma Course subject(s) and the career-related study qualification. The CP core will not form part of the offer. Where there is a subject pre-requisite(s), applicants will be required to study the subject(s) at Higher Level in the Diploma course subject and/or take a specified unit in the career-related study qualification. Applicants may also be asked to achieve a specific grade in those elements. Please see the University of Southampton International Baccalaureate Career-Related Programme (IBCP) Statement for further information. Applicants are advised to contact their Faculty Admissions Office for more information.
BTEC
D in the BTEC Extended Certificate + AB at A-Level, to include two acceptable/preferred science subjects.
OR
D in the BTEC Extended Certificate + BB at A-Level, to include two preferred science subject.
RQF BTEC
We are committed to ensuring that all learners with the potential to succeed, regardless of their background, are encouraged to apply to study with us. The additional information gained through contextual data allows us to recognise a learner’s potential to succeed in the context of their background and experience.
Additional information
Acceptable A Level science subjects are Geography, Environmental Studies, Computer Science and Electronics.
Preferred A level Science Subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Geology.
Where this offer is satisfied by including grades achieved in either Biology, Chemistry or Physics, a Pass in the practical. Offers typically exclude General Studies and Critical Thinking
QCF BTEC
D in the BTEC Subsidiary Diploma + AB at A-Level, to include two acceptable/preferred science subjects.
OR
D in the BTEC Subsidiary Diploma + BB at A-Level, to include two preferred science subject.
We do not accept the BTEC Diploma/BTEC Extended Diploma without two AB grades in accepted science A Levels.
We are committed to ensuring that all learners with the potential to succeed, regardless of their background, are encouraged to apply to study with us. The additional information gained through contextual data allows us to recognise a learner’s potential to succeed in the context of their background and experience.
Access to HE Diploma
60 credits with a minimum of 45 credits at Level 3, of which 45 must be at Distinction
Access to HE additional information
A core science Access to HE Diploma must be studied.
Irish Leaving Certificate
Irish Leaving Certificate (first awarded 2017)
H1, H2, H2, H2, H3, H3 to include two acceptable/preferred science subject.
OR
H2, H2, H3, H3, H3, H3 to include two preferred science subjects.
Irish Leaving Certificate (first awarded 2016)
AAABBB to include two acceptable/preferred science subjects.
OR
AABBBB to include two preferred science subjects.
Irish certificate additional information
Preferred Science Subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Geology.
Acceptable science subjects are Geography, Environmental Studies, Computer Science and Electronics.
Where this offer is satisfied by including grades achieved in either Biology, Chemistry or Physics, a Pass in the practical.
Scottish Qualification
Offers will be based on exams being taken at the end of S6. Subjects taken and qualifications achieved in S5 will be reviewed. Careful consideration will be given to an individual’s academic achievement, taking in to account the context and circumstances of their pre-university education.
Please see the University of Southampton’s Curriculum for Excellence Scotland Statement (PDF) for further information. Applicants are advised to contact their Faculty Admissions Office for more information.
Cambridge Pre-U
D3, M2, M2 to include two acceptable/preferred science subjects.
OR
M2, M2, M2 to include two preferred science subjects
Cambridge Pre-U additional information
Preferred Science Subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Geology.
Acceptable science subjects are Geography, Environmental Studies, Computer Science and Electronics.
Cambridge Pre-U's can be used in combination with other qualifications such as A Levels to achieve the equivalent of the typical offer, where D3 can be used in lieu of A Level grade A or grade M2 can be used in lieu of grade B.
Welsh Baccalaureate
AB from two acceptable/preferred science A levels and B from the Advanced Welsh Baccalaureate Skills Challenge Certificate
OR
BB from two preferred science A levels and B from the Advanced Welsh Baccalaureate Skills Challenge Certificate.
Welsh Baccalaureate additional information
Preferred Science Subjects are Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths and Geology.
Acceptable science subjects are Geography, Environmental Studies, Computer Science and Electronics.
Where this offer is satisfied by including grades achieved in either Biology, Chemistry or Physics, a Pass in the practical.
Welsh Baccalaureate contextual offer
We are committed to ensuring that all learners with the potential to succeed, regardless of their background, are encouraged to apply to study with us. The additional information gained through contextual data allows us to recognise a learner’s potential to succeed in the context of their background and experience. Applicants who are highlighted in this way will be made an offer which is lower than the typical offer for that programme.
T-Level
Not accepted for this course. Applicants with a T Level in a relevant subject should apply for the Science Foundation Year
Other requirements
GCSE requirements
Applicants must hold GCSE English language (or GCSE English) and Mathematics at minimum grade 4/C.
Find the equivalent international qualifications for our entry requirements.
English language requirements
If English isn't your first language, you'll need to complete an International English Language Testing System (IELTS) to demonstrate your competence in English. You'll need all of the following scores as a minimum:
IELTS score requirements
- overall score
- 6.5
- reading
- 6.0
- writing
- 6.0
- speaking
- 6.0
- listening
- 6.0
We accept other English language tests. Find out which English language tests we accept.
If you don’t meet the English language requirements, you can achieve the level you need by completing a pre-sessional English programme before you start your course.
You might meet our criteria in other ways if you do not have the qualifications we need. Find out more about:
- our Ignite your Journey scheme for students living permanently in the UK (including residential summer school, application support and scholarship)
- skills you might have gained through work or other life experiences (otherwise known as recognition of prior learning)
Find out more about our Admissions Policy.
Science Foundation Year
The Science Foundation Year will give you the skills and knowledge to progress to this course if you don't have the right qualifications for direct entry.
It could be the right option if you:
-
are studying for A levels in subjects other than those we normally ask for
-
are a mature applicant with skills and experience from employment and can show recent study
-
you come from a part of the world where the education system is different from the British A level system
Find full details on our Science Foundation Year page.
Got a question?
Please contact our enquiries team if you're not sure that you have the right experience or qualifications to get onto this course.
Email: enquiries@southampton.ac.uk
Tel: +44(0)23 8059 5000
Course structure
This course helps you understand the fundamental aspects of cutting-edge geology.
The first 2 years consist mostly of compulsory modules. In your final year, you'll have a larger selection of optional modules.
Year 1 overview
You'll get a thorough introduction to mainstream geology. You'll study earth materials and ocean biogeochemistry, and learn key skills for geoscientists.
You can also choose 2 optional modules, of which, one must be a Mathematics module.
Year 2 overview
A set of core and compulsory Geology modules will further advance your knowledge.
You'll learn key geological skills, which replicate best practice in the industry. You'll also go on a residential trip for a mapping exercise. This will develop skills in communication and analysis, and train you to visualise geological structures in 3D.
Other modules include structural geology and a study of the origin, structure and composition of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Year 3 overview
You'll further advance your geology knowledge by studying the evolving Earth, microfossils and other specialist topics. Along with these compulsory modules, you'll have a wide range of options within geology and in related disciplines.
For example, you can study environmental and engineering geology, and explore their roles in environmental and engineering management.
You can also take an optional employability module and learn about managing a business. Or add to your CV by teaching in a local school.
Want more detail? See all the modules in the course.
Modules
The modules outlined provide examples of what you can expect to learn on this degree course based on recent academic teaching. As a research-led University, we undertake a continuous review of our course to ensure quality enhancement and to manage our resources. The precise modules available to you in future years may vary depending on staff availability and research interests, new topics of study, timetabling and student demand. Find out why, when and how we might make changes.
For entry in academic year 2025 to 2026
Year 1 modules
You must study the following modules in year 1:
Coevolution of Life and Earth
Dynamic Earth
Earth Materials
This module provides you with an overview of the formation, composition and behaviour of the rocks and minerals of the earth's crust. It includes a high level of practical work.
Earth and Ocean System
An introduction to the fundamental processes which determine the environment of the Earth and the general functioning of the Earth as a system.
Fieldwork for Geoscientists
Geology and Environmental Geoscience students attend two residential field courses: during the Easter vacation, and at the end of Year 1. The module builds on the ideas and methods learned in other modules in a classroom setting. We start from the fundame...
How to be Scientifically Literate
Scientific literacy refers to the ability of individuals to understand, evaluate, and engage with scientific information and concepts in a meaningful way. It involves not only knowing scientific facts but also understanding the processes of scientific inq...
Introduction to Environmental Biogeochemistry
Year 2 modules
You must study the following modules in year 2:
Exploration Geophysics and Remote Sensing
Geochemistry
This module will introduce the fundamental chemical processes that operate within the Earth system. You will learn about the origin, distribution and abundance of chemical elements in the Earth system. Via lectures and practical exercises, we will introdu...
Geohazards
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
Key Skills and Fieldwork for Geologists
Palaeobiology
Sediment in the Environment
This module considers sediment in the environment from small-scale to global-scale processes. At the small scale you will learn how to characterise sediments and the fluids that transport them. At the global scale you will learn about the main environment...
Structural Geology and GIS
Year 3 modules
You must study the following modules in year 3:
You must also choose from the following modules in year 3:
Biogeochemical Cycles in the Earth System
This module looks at the operation of the Ocean as a biogeochemical entity within the larger Earth System. There is a strong focus on how the Earth System will respond to anthropogenic impacts and global change.
Earthquake and Volcano Seismology
This is a skills-based module that covers applications of seismology to geological and environmental problems.
Environmental Radioactivity and Radiochemistry
Environmental and Engineering Geology
This module examines current topics in environmental and engineering geology – the practical application of geoscience principles in the solving of environmental and engineering problems. Through a mix of lecture, discussion and practical sessions, you wi...
Palaeoclimate Change
Petroleum Geology and Mineral Resources
Seafloor Exploration and Surveying
This module provides you with skills that are scientifically fascinating as well as important for employability. The offshore industry is crying-out for graduates that understand seafloor surveying. In the past few years many OES students have gone on to...
Volcanic and Mantle Processes
Within this module you will investigate processes and deposits associated with volcanism on Earth, specifically focussed on physical volcanology and mantle processes generated the melt. The module is particularly hands on with numerous practical sessions ...
Learning and assessment
The learning activities for this course include the following:
- lectures
- classes and tutorials
- individual and group projects
- independent learning (studying on your own)
Course time
How you'll spend your course time:
Year 1
Study time
Your scheduled learning, teaching and independent study for year 1:
How we'll assess you
- coursework, laboratory reports and essays
- individual and group projects
- written and practical exams
Your assessment breakdown
Year 1:
Year 2
Study time
Your scheduled learning, teaching and independent study for year 2:
How we'll assess you
- coursework, laboratory reports and essays
- individual and group projects
- written and practical exams
Your assessment breakdown
Year 2:
Academic support
You’ll be supported by a personal academic tutor and have access to a senior tutor.
Course leader
Juerg Matter is the course leader.
Careers
Geoscientists are in high demand, and many of our graduates are now working in rewarding geology careers as environmental geologists, engineering geologists and geochemists.
A wide range of geology graduate jobs are open to you in areas such as:
- environmental and geological consultancy
- renewable energy development
- mineral exploration to underpin the energy transition
- geological monitoring and surveying
- geotechnical engineering and remote sensing
This degree is also a good basis for further study at postgraduate level.
We host an annual careers fair at the National Oceanography Centre. It is attended by over 25 key employers all looking for Southampton graduates.
Careers services at Southampton
We are a top 20 UK university for employability (QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2022). Our Careers, Employability and Student Enterprise team will support you. This support includes:
- work experience schemes
- CV and interview skills and workshops
- networking events
- careers fairs attended by top employers
- a wealth of volunteering opportunities
- study abroad and summer school opportunities
We have a vibrant entrepreneurship culture and our dedicated start-up supporter, Futureworlds, is open to every student.
Fees, costs and funding
Tuition fees
Fees for a year's study:
- UK students pay £9,250.
- EU and international students pay £28,800.
The Government has recently announced changes to UK tuition fees from September 2025 onwards. We will update our website to reflect this shortly.
What your fees pay for
Your tuition fees pay for the full cost of tuition and standard exams.
Find out how to:
Accommodation and living costs, such as travel and food, are not included in your tuition fees. There may also be extra costs for retake and professional exams.
Explore:
Bursaries, scholarships and other funding
If you're a UK or EU student and your household income is under £25,000 a year, you may be able to get a University of Southampton bursary to help with your living costs. Find out about bursaries and other funding we offer at Southampton.
If you're a care leaver or estranged from your parents, you may be able to get a specific bursary.
Get in touch for advice about student money matters.
Scholarships and grants
You may be able to get a scholarship or grant to help fund your studies.
We award scholarships and grants for travel, academic excellence, or to students from under-represented backgrounds.
Support during your course
The Student Hub offers support and advice on money to students. You may be able to access our Student Support fund and other sources of financial support during your course.
Funding for EU and international students
Find out about funding you could get as an international student.
How to apply
What happens after you apply?
We will assess your application on the strength of your:
- predicted grades
- academic achievements
- personal statement
- academic reference
We'll aim to process your application within 2 to 6 weeks, but this will depend on when it is submitted. Applications submitted in January, particularly near to the UCAS equal consideration deadline, might take substantially longer to be processed due to the high volume received at that time.
Equality and diversity
We treat and select everyone in line with our Equality and Diversity Statement.
Got a question?
Please contact our enquiries team if you're not sure that you have the right experience or qualifications to get onto this course.
Email: enquiries@southampton.ac.uk
Tel: +44(0)23 8059 5000
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- Evolution of symbiosis in a warmer world
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