'islower',

'isspace',

'istitle',

'isupper',

'join',

'ljust',

'lower',

'lstrip',

'partition',

'replace',

'rfind',

'rindex',

'rjust',

'rpartition',

'rsplit',

'rstrip',

'split',

'splitlines',

'startswith',

'strip',

'swapcase',

'title',

'translate',

'upper',

'zfill']

In [32]: s

Out[32]: 'Hello World'

In [33]: s.upper()

Out[33]: 'HELLO WORLD'

In [34]: s.replace('o', '0')

Out[34]: 'Hell0 W0rld'

In [35]: help(dir)

Help on built-in function dir in module __builtin__:

dir(...)

dir([object]) -> list of strings

If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.

Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes

of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.

If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise

the default dir() logic is used and returns:

for a module object: the module's attributes.

for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes

of its bases.

for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and

recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.

In [36]: help(s.upper)

Help on built-in function upper:

upper(...)

S.upper() -> string

Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.

In [37]: help(len)

Help on built-in function len in module __builtin__:

len(...)

len(object) -> integer

Return the number of items of a sequence or mapping.

In [38]: s

Out[38]: 'Hello World'

In [39]: len(s)

Out[39]: 11

In [40]: help(abs)

Help on built-in function abs in module __builtin__:

abs(...)

abs(number) -> number

Return the absolute value of the argument.

In [41]: abs(42)

Out[41]: 42

In [42]: abs(-42)

Out[42]: 42

In [43]: abs(1 + 3j)

Out[43]: 3.1622776601683795

In [44]: d = 1 + 3j

In [45]: dir(d)

Out[45]:

['__abs__',

'__add__',

'__class__',

'__coerce__',

'__delattr__',

'__div__',

'__divmod__',

'__doc__',

'__eq__',

'__float__',

'__floordiv__',

'__format__',

'__ge__',

'__getattribute__',

'__getnewargs__',

'__gt__',

'__hash__',

'__init__',

'__int__',

'__le__',

'__long__',

'__lt__',

'__mod__',

'__mul__',

'__ne__',

'__neg__',

'__new__',

'__nonzero__',

'__pos__',

'__pow__',

'__radd__',

'__rdiv__',

'__rdivmod__',

'__reduce__',

'__reduce_ex__',

'__repr__',

'__rfloordiv__',

'__rmod__',

'__rmul__',

'__rpow__',

'__rsub__',

'__rtruediv__',

'__setattr__',

'__sizeof__',

'__str__',

'__sub__',

'__subclasshook__',

'__truediv__',

'conjugate',

'imag',

'real']

In [46]: d.conjugate()

Out[46]: (1-3j)

In [47]: d.imag

Out[47]: 3.0

In [48]: d.real

Out[48]: 1.0

In [49]: type(d.imag)

Out[49]: float

In [50]: d.conjugate

Out[50]: <function conjugate>

In [51]: d.conjugate()

Out[51]: (1-3j)

In [52]: d.imag()

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<ipython-input-52-8358abc070f9>", line 1, in <module>

d.imag()

TypeError: 'float' object is not callable

In [53]: 3()

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<ipython-input-53-c0480d0bce84>", line 1, in <module>

3()

TypeError: 'int' object is not callable

In [54]: 3.()

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<ipython-input-54-782cbe20571c>", line 1, in <module>

3.()

TypeError: 'float' object is not callable

In [55]: abs(d)

Out[55]: 3.1622776601683795

In [56]: dir(d)

Out[56]:

['__abs__',

'__add__',

'__class__',

'__coerce__',

'__delattr__',

'__div__',

'__divmod__',

'__doc__',

'__eq__',

'__float__',

'__floordiv__',

'__format__',

'__ge__',

'__getattribute__',

'__getnewargs__',

'__gt__',

'__hash__',

'__init__',

'__int__',

'__le__',

'__long__',

'__lt__',

'__mod__',

'__mul__',

'__ne__',

'__neg__',

'__new__',

'__nonzero__',

'__pos__',

'__pow__',

'__radd__',

'__rdiv__',

'__rdivmod__',

'__reduce__',

'__reduce_ex__',

'__repr__',

'__rfloordiv__',

'__rmod__',

'__rmul__',

'__rpow__',

'__rsub__',

'__rtruediv__',

'__setattr__',

'__sizeof__',

'__str__',

'__sub__',

'__subclasshook__',

'__truediv__',

'conjugate',

'imag',

'real']

In [57]: type(d.__abs__)

Out[57]: method-wrapper

In [58]: d.__abs__()

Out[58]: 3.1622776601683795

In [59]: abs(d)

Out[59]: 3.1622776601683795

In [60]: help(dir)

Help on built-in function dir in module __builtin__:

dir(...)

dir([object]) -> list of strings

If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.

Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes

of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.

If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise

the default dir() logic is used and returns:

for a module object: the module's attributes.

for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes

of its bases.

for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and

recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.

In [61]: dir?

Type: builtin_function_or_method

String form: <built-in function dir>

Namespace: Python builtin

Docstring:

dir([object]) -> list of strings

If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.

Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes

of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.

If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise

the default dir() logic is used and returns:

for a module object: the module's attributes.

for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes

of its bases.

for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and

recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.

In [62]: dir??

Type: builtin_function_or_method

String form: <built-in function dir>

Namespace: Python builtin

Docstring:

dir([object]) -> list of strings

If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.

Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes

of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.

If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise

the default dir() logic is used and returns:

for a module object: the module's attributes.

for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes

of its bases.

for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and

recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.

In [63]: s

Out[63]: 'Hello World'

In [64]: s.upper()

Out[64]: 'HELLO WORLD'

In [65]: def mysum(a, b):

    ...: s = a + b

    ...: return s

    ...:

In [66]: dir()

Out[66]:

['In',

'Out',

'_',

'_25',

'_26',

'_28',

'_29',

'_30',

'_31',

'_32',

'_33',

'_34',

'_38',

'_39',

'_41',

'_42',

'_43',

'_45',

'_46',

'_47',

'_48',

'_49',

'_50',

'_51',

'_55',

'_56',

'_57',

'_58',

'_59',

'_63',

'_64',

'__',

'___',

'__builtin__',

'__builtins__',

'__name__',

'_dh',

'_i',

'_i25',

'_i26',

'_i27',

'_i28',

'_i29',

'_i30',

'_i31',

'_i32',

'_i33',

'_i34',

'_i35',

'_i36',

'_i37',

'_i38',

'_i39',

'_i40',

'_i41',

'_i42',

'_i43',

'_i44',

'_i45',

'_i46',

'_i47',

'_i48',

'_i49',

'_i50',

'_i51',

'_i52',

'_i53',

'_i54',

'_i55',

'_i56',

'_i57',

'_i58',

'_i59',

'_i60',

'_i61',

'_i62',

'_i63',

'_i64',

'_i65',

'_i66',

'_ih',

'_ii',

'_iii',

'_oh',

'_sh',

'd',

'exit',

'get_ipython',

'mysum',

'quit',

's']

In [67]: def mysum(a, b):

    ...: s = a + b

    ...: return s

    ...:

In [68]: mysum(10, 20)

Out[68]: 30

In [69]: r mysum(10, 20)

File "<ipython-input-69-9d362197e313>", line 1

r mysum(10, 20)

^

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

In [70]: c = mysum(10, 20)

In [71]: c

Out[71]: 30

In [72]: help(mysum)

Help on function mysum in module __main__:

mysum(a, b)

In [73]: runfile('/Users/progprim/Desktop/hello-in-spyder.py', wdir='/Users/progprim/Desktop')

In [74]: runfile('/Users/progprim/Desktop/hello-in-spyder.py', wdir='/Users/progprim/Desktop')

30

In [75]: help(mysum)

Help on function mysum in module __main__:

mysum(a, b)

In [76]: runfile('/Users/progprim/Desktop/hello-in-spyder.py', wdir='/Users/progprim/Desktop')

30

In [77]: help(mysum)

Help on function mysum in module __main__:

mysum(a, b)

This function mysum takes two values

a and b, computes the sum, and returns

the sum.

This is not particularly relevant, but

we are pround to have written our

first function.

Hans Fangohr, fangohr@soton.ac.uk,

17 September 2014

In [78]: a = 10

In [79]: type(a)

Out[79]: int

In [80]: a = 10.0

In [81]: type(a)

Out[81]: float

In [82]: mysum(10, 12)

Out[82]: 22

In [83]: mysum(10.234, 3.23)

Out[83]: 13.464

In [84]: mysum("Hello", "World")

Out[84]: 'HelloWorld'

In [85]: "Hello" + "World"

Out[85]: 'HelloWorld'

In [86]: